diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/validation.html b/user_guide/libraries/validation.html
index 06ab665..815b542 100644
--- a/user_guide/libraries/validation.html
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/validation.html
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@
 &lt;/head>
 &lt;body>
 
-&lt;?=$this->validation->error_string; ?>
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->error_string; ?>
 
-&lt;?=form_open('form'); ?>
+&lt;?php echo form_open('form'); ?>
 
 &lt;h5>Username&lt;/h5>
 &lt;input type="text" name="username" value="" size="50" />
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
 
 &lt;h3>Your form was successfully submitted!&lt;/h3>
 
-&lt;p>&lt;?=anchor('form', 'Try it again!'); ?>&lt;/p>
+&lt;p>&lt;?php echo anchor('form', 'Try it again!'); ?>&lt;/p>
 
 &lt;/body>
 &lt;/html>
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 and flexible in the event your URLs change.</li>
 
 <li>At the top of the form you'll notice the following variable:
-<code>&lt;?=$this->validation->error_string; ?&gt;</code>
+<code>&lt;?php echo $this->validation->error_string; ?&gt;</code>
 
 <p>This variable will display any error messages sent back by the validator. If there are no messages it returns nothing.</p>
 </li>
@@ -456,21 +456,21 @@
 &lt;/head>
 &lt;body>
 
-&lt;?=$this->validation->error_string; ?>
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->error_string; ?>
 
-&lt;?=form_open('form'); ?>
+&lt;?php echo form_open('form'); ?>
 
 &lt;h5>Username&lt;/h5>
-&lt;input type="text" name="username" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->username;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;input type="text" name="username" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->username;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Password&lt;/h5>
-&lt;input type="text" name="password" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->password;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;input type="text" name="password" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->password;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Password Confirm&lt;/h5>
-&lt;input type="text" name="passconf" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->passconf;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;input type="text" name="passconf" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->passconf;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Email Address&lt;/h5>
-&lt;input type="text" name="email" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->email;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;input type="text" name="email" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->email;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;div>&lt;input type="submit" value="Submit" />&lt;/div>
 
@@ -493,20 +493,20 @@
 
 <textarea class="textarea" style="width:100%" cols="50" rows="20">
 &lt;h5>Username&lt;/h5>
-&lt;?=$this->validation->username_error; ?>
-&lt;input type="text" name="username" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->username;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->username_error; ?>
+&lt;input type="text" name="username" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->username;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Password&lt;/h5>
-&lt;?=$this->validation->password_error; ?>
-&lt;input type="text" name="password" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->password;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->password_error; ?>
+&lt;input type="text" name="password" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->password;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Password Confirm&lt;/h5>
-&lt;?=$this->validation->passconf_error; ?>
-&lt;input type="text" name="passconf" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->passconf;?>" size="50" />
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->passconf_error; ?>
+&lt;input type="text" name="passconf" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->passconf;?>" size="50" />
 
 &lt;h5>Email Address&lt;/h5>
-&lt;?=$this->validation->email_error; ?>
-&lt;input type="text" name="email" value="&lt;?=$this->validation->email;?>" size="50" /></textarea>
+&lt;?php echo $this->validation->email_error; ?>
+&lt;input type="text" name="email" value="&lt;?php echo $this->validation->email;?>" size="50" /></textarea>
 
 <p>If there are no errors, nothing will be shown.  If there is an error, the message will appear, wrapped in the delimiters you
 have set (&lt;p> tags by default).</p>
@@ -686,9 +686,9 @@
 
 <code>
 &lt;select name="myselect"><br />
-&lt;option value="one" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'one'); ?></dfn> >One&lt;/option><br />
-&lt;option value="two" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'two'); ?></dfn> >Two&lt;/option><br />
-&lt;option value="three" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'three'); ?></dfn> >Three&lt;/option><br />
+&lt;option value="one" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'one'); ?></dfn> >One&lt;/option><br />
+&lt;option value="two" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'two'); ?></dfn> >Two&lt;/option><br />
+&lt;option value="three" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_select('myselect', 'three'); ?></dfn> >Three&lt;/option><br />
 &lt;/select>
 </code>
 
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@
 <p>Permits you to display a checkbox in the state it was submitted.  The first parameter
 must contain the name of the checkbox, the second parameter must contain its value. Example:</p>
 
-<code>&lt;input type="checkbox" name="mycheck" value="1" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_checkbox('mycheck', '1'); ?></dfn> /></code>
+<code>&lt;input type="checkbox" name="mycheck" value="1" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_checkbox('mycheck', '1'); ?></dfn> /></code>
 
 
 <h2>set_radio()</h2>
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@
 <p>Permits you to display radio buttons in the state they were submitted.  The first parameter
 must contain the name of the radio button, the second parameter must contain its value. Example:</p>
 
-<code>&lt;input type="radio" name="myradio" value="1" <dfn>&lt;?= $this->validation->set_radio('myradio', '1'); ?></dfn> /></code>
+<code>&lt;input type="radio" name="myradio" value="1" <dfn>&lt;?php echo  $this->validation->set_radio('myradio', '1'); ?></dfn> /></code>